CONDITIONAL
I. Conditional if
Conditional if is used to speculate about what could happen, what
might have happened, and what we wish would happen.
This sentence is made up of an if clause [dependent] and a main clause [independent]. An if clause
states a condition to achieve and express
specific conditions for a specific outcome.
Formula:
Type
|
Real Situation
® ® positive
® ® negative
|
Condition
|
IF Clause
[Subordinate Clause]
negative
positive
|
Main Clause
|
0
|
General Truth
O
|
IF
+ Simple Present
|
Simple
Present
|
|
I
|
Future
|
A possible condition and its probable
result
|
IF
+ Subj + Verb 1 ,
|
Subj
+ modal verb + infinitive
|
II
|
Present
|
A hypothetical condition that is unreal
and its probable result
|
IF
+ Subj + Verb 2
,
|
Subj
+ would + infinitive
could
|
III
|
Past
|
An unreal past condition and its
probable result in the past
|
IF
+ Subj + had + Verb 3,
|
Subj
+ would have + Verb 3
|
Mixed
|
-The opposite of what is expressed
- Past events affect Present situations
|
An unreal past condition and its
probable result in the present
|
IF + Past Perfect or
Simple Past
|
Simple Present
Conditional or Present Perfect Conditional
|
Example:
Type
|
Conditional Sentences
|
0
|
-People
stay healthy if they take good care
of themselves.
-If a baby bird is learning to fly, its mother is usually not far off.
-If you heat ice, it melts.
|
1
|
-If Johnson doesn’t give me Rp. 10.000,-, I can’t bring him some food he orders.
-Can I use your car if I wash it first?
-You
will miss the train if you don't hurry.
|
2
|
-Susan
wouldn’t come if you didn’t pick her up.
[Real situation: Susan comes as you
pick her up]
-What
would you do if you could fly like a bird? [Real
situation: I can’t fly like a bird]
-If I were a President of Indonesia, I would … [be: were for
all subjects]
-If I spoke Italian, I would be
working in Italy.
|
3
|
-If you had been lazy, Mrs. White would
not have given you a present..
[Real situation: You were not lazy so Mrs. White
gave you a present]
-If I had
accepted that promotion, I would
have been working in Jakarta.
|
Mixed
|
If you had
fed the dog, she wouldn't be hungry
now. (regret)
[Real Situation: You did
not feed the dog, so the dog is hungry now]
-I would
be a millionaire now if I had taken that job. (but I didn't take
the job and I'm not a millionaire)
-If you had
spent all your money, you wouldn't
buy this jacket. (but you didn't spend all your money and now you can buy
this jacket)
-If you weren't
afraid of spiders, you would have
picked it up and put it
outside.
|
II. Conditional
WITHOUT ‘if’
If can be omitted from a conditional clause to shorten the sentence and place more
emphasis on the result clause. were, had and should
[to
mean in case] may be used without if by
moving the auxiliary verb in front of the subject.
1. Had I had much money , I would have bought a car.
[=
If
I had had much
money, I would have bought a car]
2. Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.
[=
I wouldn’t do that if I were you]
Were I [were] you,
I would have asked him to pay me back.
III. unless [if…not = jika tidak]
An unless clause states a
condition that is an exception to achieve the outcome in the main clause. The if or unless
clause can be placed before the outcome clause for
emphasis [i.e. a comma is placed after the if clause].
When the if or unless clause is
placed after the main clause, no particular emphasis is intended, and a
comma is not used.
1. You won’t pass the final
test unless you study hard.
= You won’t pass the final test if you do
not study hard.
2. Unless it had rained last night, I would have invited you to see a
movie .
= If it had not rained last
night, I would have invited you to see a movie.
3. -We'll arrive at
8:00 unless our train is late.
=We'll arrive at 8:00 if
our train is on time.
IV. Subjunctive [Pengharapan]
We use wish to express an
imagined situation which is different from the real situation.
Real Situation/Condition
positive
|
Subjunctive
WISH
negative
|
|
Subj
+ will/can + infinitive
|
Future
|
Subj
+ wish + Subj + would/could + NOT + infinitive
|
Subj
+ Verb 1
|
Unreal
Present
|
Subj
+ wish + Subj + did NOT + infinitive
|
Subj
+ Verb 2
Subj
+ would/could + infinitive
|
Unreal
Past
|
Subj
+ wish + Subj + had + NOT + Verb 3
Subj
+ wish + Subj + would/could + NOT + have + Verb 3
|
Real Situation/Condition negative
|
Subjunctive
WISH
positive
|
|
Subj
+ will/can NOT + infinitive
|
Future
|
Subj
+ wish + Subj + would/could + infinitive
|
Subj
+ do/does NOT +infinitive
|
Unreal
Present
|
Subj
+ wish + Subj + Verb 2
|
Subj
+ did NOT + infinitive
Subj
+ would/could NOT + infinitive
|
Unreal
Past
|
Subj
+ wish + Subj + had + Verb 3
Subj
+ wish + Subj + would/could + have + Verb 3
|
1. She will
not tell me the problem. ® I wish
[that] she would tell me the problem.
[Saya berharap dia mengatakannya
padaku]
® If only she would
tell me the problem.
[Seandainya dia mengatakannya padaku]
2. I don’t
know French ® I wish I knew French
® If only I knew French
3. Pak Sukanda couldn’t come ® I wish pak Sukanda could have come
® If only pak Sukanda could have come
We use wish + preterit
[the past tense verb form] to express a wish about a hypothetical
(imaginary) situation.
- I wish [that] I were home in my country (a private thought; a longing)
- I wish [that] I could go with you. (an
excuse due to inability, or an expression of regret)
- I wish [that] you would let me pay for
dinner. (pretend regret, or upset)
wish followed by a clause with could have or would have expresses regret, dissatisfaction
or the unwillingness of someone to do something about a past action that failed
to occur or did not happen [unreal]
-I wish [that] I could have gone with
you. (regret over a
lost opportunity)
-She wishes
[that] the store would have had the
shoes in her size. (She is unhappy that they didn't carry her shoe size.)
-They
wish [that] you would
have driven instead of them. (They are upset you were
unwilling to drive.)
-She
wishes the store could
have had the shoes in her size. (The store was
unable to do so because they had none in stock.)
-They
wish you could have driven instead
of them. (They were unable to drive due to not having a license
or being incapable.)
-She wishes [that] the store had had the shoes in
her size. (She regrets they did not have her size.)
-I wish [that] my boss had bought us laptops instead
of desktop computers. (I regret he did not buy laptops.)
wished followed by a clause with could have,
would have, or a past modal/past participle expresses
regret about a past action that did not happen at an earlier time [unreal]. "could
have" expresses regret over inability to do
something – physical or mental. The situation is a lost opportunity.
-I wished [that] I could have gone with
you. (remembering a lost
opportunity)
-I wished [that] I had been old enough to
drive. (remembering a wish)
-My
father wished that he had
gone to college. (regret)
-My
father wished that he could
have gone to college. (regret – unable)
My Father's Wish
My father wished he could have finished high school when
he was young, but he had to go to work to support his family instead.
When I was born, he wished that I would not only finish
high school but also go to college. He worked hard to send me to
college. I managed to graduate with honors.
Now, I have a child and I wish that he will go to
college. I encourage him to work hard. I wish he would understand
how hard his grandfather and father have worked to give him a good
life. He doesn't comprehend it right now, but I hope he will when he is
older.
|
Error
|
Solution
|
I wish I can go to
graduate school.
I wish my son to
go to graduate school.
(a wish or an imperative?)
I wish I was a college
graduate.
(This is informal but not
correct)
|
I wish to
go to graduate school.
(a
real possibility)
I hope I can go to graduate school.
I wish my son would go to graduate school.
I want my son to go to graduate school (imperative)
I wish I were a
college graduate.
(formal
English)
|
An if only clause
expresses a doubtful wish – one that you are doubtful about
actually happening. The result clause is optional and is
separate. It is more emphatic [given
with force to show that it is important] than wish…
-If only I could go
home for vacation. (regret)
= I would be so happy if only I could go home for vacation.
= I would be so happy if only I could go home for vacation.
-If only
you were here! (regret)
= I would be so happy if only you were here..
= I would be so happy if only you were here..
-If only she hadn't told her mother
everything. (regret)
= I would be so happy if only she hadn't told her mother everything.
= I would be so happy if only she hadn't told her mother everything.
An only if clause states one
condition required to achieve a desired effect.
-Only
if you clean up your room, will you find your lost jeans.
= If only you would clean up your room, you would find your lost jeans.
-Only
if you are here, am I happy.
= I am happy only if you are here.
AS IF / AS THOUGH
Fact
|
Subjunctive ‘AS IF / AS THOUGH’
[seolah-olah, seakan-akan]
|
He talks much but he doesn’t know anything.
Susan
was shocked but she didn’t see a ghost.
|
-He
talks much as if he knew
everything.
-Susan
was shocked as
though she had seen a ghost.
|
as if and as though have a similar meaning to make
comparisons and to talk about an imaginary/improbable situation. as if is more common than although.
The past subjunctive after as if / as though indicates an unreal situation in the present.
-He looks as if he knew the answer.
[Real: He doesn’t know the answer. However,
he gives the impression that
he knows the answer]
.
If we put the verb preceding as if / as though into the
past tense, the present simple knows changes into past simple,
whereas the past subjunctive knew stays the same.
-He looked as if he knew the answer.
However, if the situation is true,
we use a real tense to express present time:
-He looks as if he knows the answer. [= He knows
the answer]
as if is often used to describe someone’s behaviour, or the way someone is
acting.
-I can’t stand spending time with Johnson. He always acts as if he’s smarter than everyone.
-Why is Johnson ignoring us? He’s acting as if he’s never met us
before!
-His older brother always treats
him as if he were a child.
Assignment 1
Complete the following using the correct verb of
conditional provided in brackets.
- If Johnson … Anita
better, he can go with her. [know]
- I … better if
I went to bed earlier. [feel]
- Johnson … it if
he hadn’t been so busy. [do]
- … Johnson if
I had invited him? [come]
- The man often treats girls for lunch as if he … a lot of money [have]
- You look so serious as if you … eager to solve this problem. [be]
7. Johnson is having a problem but he looks very cheerful
as though he … any problem [not have]
Assignment 2
Choose the correct answer to complete the following.
1. Anna: Why didn’t you buy those shoes?
Budi : I would
have if they had been cheaper.
This dialogue means: …
A.
Budi was not
against the price C.
I looked for a more expensive pair
B.
The shoes were
too expensive D.
The shoes were a bargain
2. Had I realized that Tom was
a bad driver, I … my car
A. would not lend him C. had not lent him
B. did not lend him D. would
not have lent him
3. Pak Thoha :
Can I go with you to the pop concert tonight?
Bu Sri Maryati : …
A.
If you want to
go, you will have to buy your own ticket
B.
If you had gone,
you would have bought your own ticket
C.
Had you gone, I
would have bought you a ticket
D.
You could have
gone if you had a ticket
4. If our school had been
able to get enough sponsors for our marching band, we would have
participated in the festival in March.
We conclude that …
A.
there were many
donors C.
we succeeded in getting a trophy
B.
we were not able
to go D.
we refused to take part
5. Thank you for reminding me
to send in my application form, …
A. I wouldn’t miss the deadline if you
reminded me
B. I will miss the deadline if you don’t
remind me
C. I would have missed the deadline if you
hadn’t reminded me.
D. Had you reminded me, I wouldn’t have
missed the deadline.
6.
If I … the promotion, I would have bought a new car
A. received C.
will receive
B. had received D.
would receive
7. ….message
if you can’t transfer the telephone call
A. Take C.
Taken
B. Will take D.
Would take
Assignment 3
Error Recognition
1. I would give you a
lift to the airport if I drive a car
A B C D
2. Bu Septha Sri will call
you if the package arrive today
A B C D
3. If the product have
been successful, the company would have made a large profit
A B
C D
4. If the hotel
service is good, the visitor would not complain.
A B C D
If you want
to be happy, memorize something good each day, see something beautiful each
day,
and do
something helpful each day.
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