MODAL VERBS
Modal = kata kerja bantu
modalistik, yang dapat dipergunakan untuk semua jenis subyek maupun kata kerja
dan memiliki beragam makna [ini istimewanya].
Modal is a verb such as can, may or will that is used with another verb and modify or add various
meanings of the verbs, such as ability, possibility, permission, intention,
etc. Modal verbs have only one form.
They have no -ing or -ed forms and do not add -s to the 3rd person singular
form. They are followed by the infinitive of another verb without to.
Example: He can speak three languages
She will try and visit tomorrow.
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Modals
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Meaning/
Function/Uses
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Examples
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In the Present
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In the Past
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can
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Ÿability [kemampuan]
Ÿinformal permission [ijin]
Ÿpossibility [kemungkinan]
Ÿsuggestion
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-Bu
Windi Purwanti can play guitar.
-They
can leave early
-The
machine can be on
-You
can ask me what you want
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-They
could not swim when they were
young.
-Could I come in?
-The
train could be late.
-You
could talk to pak Rubini.
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must
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Ÿnecessity[keharusan]
Ÿpossibility/
Probability
Ÿpossible conclusion /deduction
[kesimpulan]
Ÿprohibition [larangan]
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-Everyone
must register in front
-You
must send this letter immediately
-Mary
isn’t in class. She must be sick.
-You
must NOT drive fast. The road is
slippery.
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-I had to go to class yesterday
-Si
Fulan wasn’t in class yesterday. He must
have been sick
-Anna
failed in the test. She must not have studied last night.
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will
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Ÿplan/promise
Ÿpolite request [permintaan]
Ÿdetermination
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-I will deliver this for you
-Will everyone please be quiet?
-I will do better on the next examination
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-I would
buy a car if I had much money.
-Would you mind closing the door?
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shall
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Ÿfuture [I + we]
Ÿadvice
Ÿobligation
Ÿstrong determination/
instruction
Ÿpolite request
Ÿexpectation that has not
happened
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-We
shall arrive at nine
-What
shall we do first?
-You
should obey your teacher.
-I shall finish my work this evening.
-Shall I open the window?
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-You
should look for another job to get
better salary.
-You
should see a doctor.
-We
should be grateful for your help.
-The
bus should have arrived ten minutes
ago.
-John
left school an hour ago; he should be at home now.
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ought
to
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Ÿadvice[saran]
Ÿexpectation[harapan]
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-You
ought to study tonight
-The
bus ought to be here soon
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-You
ought to have apologized [i.e. but
you didn’t]
-You
ought to have improved
your
French before going to work in
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may
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Ÿformal permission
Ÿpossibility
-wishes/hopes
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-May I leave this room, Sir?
-They
may sign the contract.
-I may come a little late tomorrow
-May you both be very happy
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-You
may have come at 5
-He
may have missed his train
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might
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Ÿpolite permission
Ÿpossibility
[more
doubtful than may]
Ÿpolite suggestion
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-Might I use your phone?
-He
might get here in time.
-You
might try calling the front
officer.
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-Honestly,
you might have told me.
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have
to
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Ÿnecessity
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-We
have to pick up the files before
the meeting
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-I had to return the book three days ago.
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have
got to
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Ÿnecessity
Ÿadvice
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-I have got to pay some bills today
-You’ve got to try this recipe –it’s
delicious.
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had
better/
had
rather
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Ÿadvice
Ÿpreference[lbh suka]
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-You
had better get ready in ten
minutes.
-He
had better memorize his speech than use notes
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must = has/have to = need to
must is used
to give the own feelings, to say what we think is necessary
must not/mustn’t = jangan
E.g.: I must write a letter to Ahmad.
I haven’t written to him for ages
has/have to is
used to give other’s feelings.
don’t have to/ don’t need to
= tidak usah, tidak perlu
E.g.: Tono’s eyes are not
very good. He has to wear glasses for reading.
Assignment 1
Use the appropriate modal auxiliary with each verb in
brackets according to the given situation
- It looks like rain. We [shut] the window.
- Tonny [hand] me that dish? Thanks.
- The baby is only one year old but she [say,
already] a few words.
- When I was younger, I [run] ten miles without
stopping. But now I [run, not] more
than a mile or two.
- Excuse me, I didn’t understand. [you, repeat] what you said?
Assignment 2
Ask polite questions in the following situations. Use any appropriate modals.
E.g.: You are sitting at a
friend’s house. A bowl of soup is on the
table. You want an apple.
®May I get an apple?
- Your friend is driving the car. You want her to stop at the next mailbox
so you can mail a letter.
- You are hot.
The window is closed.
- You are trying to study. Your room-mate is playing the record
player very loudly and this is bothering you.
- You want your pen. You can’t reach it but your
friend can. You want your friend to
hand you the pen.
- You are in a department store. You find a sweater that you like but you
can’t find the price tag. You ask
the clerk to tell you how much it costs.
Assignment 3
Choose the correct answer.
- Bob: Tommy
fell asleep in class this morning.
Ana: He … late last night.
- must stay up C.
should have stayed up
- must have stayed up D. ought to stay up
2.
Tom: Was John accepted at Astra?
Sue : He might have been; I haven’t seen him
around for some time.
From
the above sentence we may conclude that …
A.
he refuses to
work for Astra C.
was certainly accepted
B.
he is still
unemployment D.
was probably accepted
3.
Anna: I have a problem with my
homework.
Asep: … it?
- Shall we discuss C. Had we better discuss
- May we have discuss D. Would we rather
discuss
- Terry:
Why don’t you ask your sister to come along with us to the movie?
Ita
: I did, but she … stay at home.
A.
might C.
could
B.
can D.
would rather
5.
The airline should have accepted Mr. White, an experienced pilot.
This sentence means: …
A.
The airline hired Mr. White
B.
Mr. White refused the work for the airline
C.
The airline did not receive Mr. White’s application
D.
Mr. White was rejected by the airline.
6. Budi
: What’s wrong with Ujang? He
looks in a hurry this morning.
Ali : Since he had already borrowed the book
for one week, he … it right away.
A. ought to return C. will have
return
B. would
return D.
was returned
7. Pak Abdul Manaf: I phoned you three times last week but you
were out at that time.
Well, where were you?
Bu Ari Yuningsih: My brother and I were invited to attend the
opening ceremony of our neighbor’s
restaurant. Neither of us … since we visited our grandpa
in Medan
A.
be able to come C.
were able to come
B.
are able to
come D.
was able to come
8. Bu Ani Andriyani : Good morning. I need two tickets to Denpasar, please.
Travel Agent : …
Bu Ani Andriyani : Executive Class,
please.
A. Can I book some tickets? C. Can
I get the travel tickets?
B. When will
the tickets be ready? D.
What kind of ticket do you want?
9. Pak Agus Media : Excuse me, can you tell me what time the
next train leaves for Cirebon?
Officer : In half an hour, just wait.
The underlined utterance expresses …
A. asking for
permission C. asking for an apology
B. asking for
information D. telling about time
10. Salim :
May I borrow your pen?
Arief :
… there is something wrong with it.
A.
I’m afraid you
can’t C.
I’m sorry to hear that
B.
I apologize D.
I don’t agree with you
– —
If you have a worry problem, do these three things;[a]
ask yourself,’what is the worst than can possibly
happen?’ [b] prepare to accept it if you have to [c] then
calmly proceed to improve on the worst
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