Nouns = kata benda [konkrit dan
abstrak]
Types of noun:
1. Abstract noun is a noun, for example: goodness, advice, fun, peace or freedom, that
refers to an idea or a general quality, not to a physical object
2. Common noun is a noun, such as: table, cat, or sea, that refers
to an object or a thing but is not the name of a particular person, place or
thing
Following is a list of some
common nouns which are usually or always used as uncountable nouns [always in singular]:
transportation
weather equipment postage vocabulary honesty
scenery intelligence luck information water clothing
traffic ignorance patience news rain jewelry
cheese happiness
evidence snow luggage knowledge
fruit
significance progress homework wind machinery
bread wealth violence housework air money
butter
enjoyment poverty music slang courage
3. Collective noun is a singular noun, such as: committee or team, that refers to a group
of people, animals or things and, in British English, can be used with either a
singular or a plural verb. In American English it must be used with a singular
verb.
4. Mass noun is 1] an uncountable noun, 2] a noun that is usually
uncountable but can be made plural or used with a or an when you are talking
about different types of something. For example, bread is used as a mass noun in
‘The shop sells several different breads’.
5. Proper noun is a word that is the name of a person, a place, an
institution, etc. and is written with a capital letter, for example: Tom,
Mrs.Jones, Rome , Texas ,
the Rhine , the White House.
6. Countable and Uncountable nouns
|
Noun
|
A. Specified
[Definite]
|
B. Unspecified
[Indefinite]
|
C. Generic
|
|
|
Countable
|
Singular
|
the
|
a / an
|
a / an
|
|
Plural
|
the
|
some / many
|
|
|
|
Uncountable
|
the
|
some / a lot of
|
|
|
|
Countable Noun
|
Uncountable Noun
|
|
in
singular/plural form
a
few [a positive idea]
few
[a negative idea]
some
many
a
lot of …
several
a
great number of …
a
number of …
|
always
in singular form
a
little
little
some
much
a
lot of …
a
great amount of …
the
amount of …
|
A. Specified /Definite [tertentu, khusus]= you’re identifying which
one you’re talking about
|
Count
|
Singular
|
The book is on the table
|
|
Plural
|
The books are on the table
|
|
|
Uncountable
|
The stuff is on the table
|
|
-If
a noun is specified, it can be preceded by the. A
or an is not used with specified
nouns
[Bila
benda tsb. yang dimaksud, tambahkan the. Jangan gunakan a atau an]
Uses:
1.
Before
nouns of which there is only one.
"The earth is round."
"The earth is round."
2. Before a noun which has become definite as
a result of being mentioned a second time.
"We saw a good film last night. It was the film you recommended."
"We saw a good film last night. It was the film you recommended."
3. Before a noun made definite by the
addition of a phrase or clause.
"The woman dressed in black."
"The woman dressed in black."
4. Before a noun which, by reason of
locality, can represent only one particular thing.
"There is a bee in the kitchen."
"There is a bee in the kitchen."
5. Before superlatives and "first",
"second" and "only"
"The longest river in the world."
"The longest river in the world."
6. Before singular nouns used to represent a
class of objects.
"The donkey is a very obstinate animal."
"The donkey is a very obstinate animal."
7. Before an adjective used to represent a
class of persons.
"That tax hurts the rich."
"That tax hurts the rich."
8. Before names of seas, rivers, chains of
mountains, groups of islands and plural names of countries.
"the Pacific Ocean, the Thames, the Andes, the West Indies, theNetherlands
"the Pacific Ocean, the Thames, the Andes, the West Indies, the
Not Used
·
Before
countries, towns, proper names.
"Charlie lived inChicago in America
"Charlie lived in
·
Before
abstract nouns.
"Jealousy can be dangerous."
"Jealousy can be dangerous."
Before parts of the body and articles of clothing, these normally
prefer a possessive adjective.
"Lift your left arm."
"He removed his hat."
"Lift your left arm."
"He removed his hat."
B. Unspecified/Indefinite [tidak secara khusus, apa saja] = you are
NOT identifying which one you are
talking
about.
|
Countable
|
Singular
|
I read a book
that was very good
|
|
Plural
|
I read some
books that were very good
|
|
|
Uncountable
|
I read some
literature that was very good
|
|
-If
a noun is not specified, it can be preceded by a or an . The is not used with unspecified nouns
[Apabila
benda tsb. tidak secara khusus yang dimaksud, tambahkan a atau an , bukan the, bila berjumlah 1]
Uses
·
Before
a singular noun which is countable when it is mentioned for the first time and
represents no particular person or thing.
"A horse is a noble animal."
"A horse is a noble animal."
·
Before
a singular countable noun which is used as an example of a class of things.
"A book is something you read."
"A book is something you read."
·
With
a noun complement, including names of professions.
"Anton is a mechanic, he becomes a famous actor."
"Anton is a mechanic, he becomes a famous actor."
·
In
certain numerical expressions.
"a dozen, a hundred"
"a dozen, a hundred"
·
In
expressions of price, speed, ratio.
"60 miles an hour, 4 hours a day, 30p a box"
"60 miles an hour, 4 hours a day, 30p a box"
·
With
"few" and "little"
"a few people, a little oil"
"a few people, a little oil"
·
In
exclamations before singular, countable nouns. "What a pity! What a sunny
day!"
·
It
can be placed before Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms + surname.
"a Mr. Brown phoned today."
"a Mr. Brown phoned today."
Not Used
·
Before
plural nouns.
"Horses are noble animals."
"Horses are noble animals."
·
Before
uncountable nouns
"Milk is good for you."
"Milk is good for you."
·
Before
abstract nouns.
"Fear is natural."
"Fear is natural."
·
Before
names of meals except when preceded by an adjective.
"We had a late breakfast and decided to miss lunch."
"We had a late breakfast and decided to miss lunch."
|
Countable
|
Singular
|
I read a book
that was very good. The title of the book was …
|
|
Plural
|
I read some
books that were very good. The
author of the books was …
|
|
|
Uncountable
|
I read some literature
that was very good. The theme of the literature was …
|
|
C. Generic [makna secara umum] = you are talking about something in
general
|
Countable
|
Singular
|
I always take a
book on vacation
|
|
Plural
|
I always take books
on vacation
|
|
|
Uncountable
|
I always take stuff
to read on vacation
|
|
-An
article should precede a count noun in the generic sense, unless the noun is
plural
[Untuk
benda yang dimaksud secara umum, tambahkan a
bila berjumlah 1, namun jangan pernah mencantumkan artikel untuk benda umum
tsb. bila berjumlah banyak]
-An
article should NOT precede a non-count noun in the generic sense
[Jangan
pernah mencantumkan artikel apapun untuk benda tak bisa dihitung bermakna
umum]
Irregular Plural Nouns
1. Compound noun: add –s to the
main noun
sister-in-law sisters-in-law
editor-in-chief editors-in-chief
2. Abbreviations, numbers,
words: add –s to the end
DVD DVDs
PhD PhDs
in the 1990 in
the 1990s
There are too many ands, buts and ifs in
your essay.
3. Alphabet, letters: use
apostrophe + -s
There are two l’s
and two n’s in ‘millennium’
He got more A’s
than B’s on his report card.
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
|
wife
thief
life
shelf
scarf
child
tooth
foot
goose
louse
man
woman
mouse
ox
alumnus
alumna
analysis
basis
crisis
thesis
datum
bacterium
medium
millennium
criterion
phenomenon
stimulus
nucleus
formula
vita
index
appendix
deer
fish
sheep
species
means
series
|
wives
thieves
lives
shelves
scarves or scarfs
children
teeth
feet
geese
lice
men
women
mice
oxen
alumni
alumnae
analyses
bases
crises
theses
data
bacteria
media
millennia
criteria
phenomena
stimuli
nuclei
formulae
vitae
indices
appendices
deer
fish
sheep
species
means
series
|
Note:
Exception: beliefs, roofs,
chiefs
Some of the words that English
has borrowed or adapted from other
languages have foreign plurals:
-is
becomes -es
-um -a
-on -a
-us -i
-a -ae
-ex/-ix -ices
Nouns as Modifiers [kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai penjelas]
Examples:
- The soup has vegetables in it. It is vegetable soup.
- The building has offices in it. It is an office building.
- The test lasted two hours. It was a two-hour test.
- Her son is five years old. She has a five-year-old son.
Note:
A noun modifier is always in singular
form and a hyphen [-] is sometimes used.
The Order of Adjectives as Noun Modifiers
how how what from made of
Examples:
- Yesterday Mr. Brown bought a large round table.
- There is a
thick green wall behind our
classroom.
- My mother has a
nice new brown leather bag.
- Hasan is a
short fat boy.
- This is a
long narrow street.
Sounds and Words
|
Sound
|
|
|
Consonant
|
Vowel
|
|
a table
a university
a uniform
a quick errand
|
an office
an hour
an SMK student
an umbrella
|
Examples
of Similar Sounds:
|
Different Vowel Sounds
|
|
bass car deep gun
base core dip gone
boots cart fall grass
boats court full grease
bus drug fun letter
boss
drag phone later
|
|
Different Initial Consonant Sounds
|
|
back core race hair
pack tore case fair
rack sore place tear
|
|
Different Final Consonant Sounds
|
|
cab little nab think
cap litter nap thing
|
|
Two or More Words That Sound Like One Word
|
|
mark it sent her letter in tents
market
center let
her intense
|
|
Words That Have Sounds That Are Part of a Longer Word
|
|
nation mind give intention
imagination
remind
forgive
unintentional
|
Examples
of related words:
|
Airline
|
|
Ticket pilot reservation baggage claim check-in
seatbelt flight attendant ticket counter crew turbulence
|
|
Plants
|
|
Bud seed stem flower branch
root leaf blossom bush tree
|
|
Nature
|
|
river rural mountain country field
stream farm brook hill lake
|
|
Weather
|
|
sunny cool rain drizzle wind
cold sleet rainstorm mist breeze
freezing warm hot cloudy blizzard
snow humid smoggy thunder tornado
chilly humidity fog lightning hurricane
|
|
Energy
|
|
oil electricity solar power atomic energy hydroelectric power
coal gas windmill oil well nuclear energy
|
Examples of Homonyms [similar
pronunciation, different meaning and spelling]
|
Homonyms
|
|
week for male seen sowing
weak four mail scene sewing
wait bear sail morning steak
weight bare sale mourning stake
flour steel fare threw bough
flower steal fair through bow
plane tale rite flew due
plain tail right flu dew
too feet light pale sight
two
feat lite pail site
to
|
|
Different Meaning for the Same Word
|
|
call -animal or bird noise
file -folder
-shout
-row
-telephone call
-tool
class -social position hard -difficult
-group of students
-tough
-level of quality
-firm
court -tennis court
note -musical note
-court of law
-short letter
-royal court -currency
date -type of fruit
seat -a chair
-meeting with someone
-location of power
-particular day
-membership in a club
|
Assignment 1
Complete the following by using a/an, some,
or any correctly.
- Pak Apip Taufik was thirsty, so he drank … water.
- Bu Luli Kamalia is carrying … suitcase.
- We bought … furniture.
- There was … earthquake in Bantul,
- Pak Bachrudin listened to …
music while he was studying last night.
Assignment 2
Complete the following by using much or many to
accompany the appropriate form of the noun in parenthesis.
1. [money] I don’t have …
2. [city] I
haven’t visited …
3. [edge] How
… does a pentagon have?
4. [equipment] How
… does a skier need?
5. [information] I couldn’t find … in that book.
Assignment 3
In the following, use a few, [very] few, a little, or [very]
little appropriately.
- Do you have … minutes? I’d like to ask you … questions. I need … more information.
- After bu Giati tasted the soup, she added … salt
to it.
- A: Are you
finished?
B: Not yet.
I need … more time.
- I think you could use some help. Let me give you … advice.
- He is very unpopular. … people like him.
Assignment 4
Put the adjectives in brackets in the correct order.
1. [table, nice, round,
wooden] I have a
…
2. [interesting, flower,
European] Bu Atin
Nurhayati brings some …
3. [little, new, car, red] Tom was
driving a/an …
4. [hair, long, beautiful,
wavy] Susan has …
5. [box, metal, small, black] We found some … in
the back yard.
Assignment 5
Use the italicized noun or noun phrase in the first
sentence as a modifier in the second sentence.
Eg: My garden has
flowers. It is a flower garden.
- That handbook is for students. It is …
- Their baby is ten months old. They have …
- Our trip lasted for three days. We took …
- I wrote a check for fifty dollars. I wrote …
- I have a sister who is ten years old and a
brother who is twelve years old. I
have …
Assignment 6
Incomplete Sentences
1. The Argentineans are
protecting their forests because the lumber is very valuable to …
A. they C.
them
B. ourselves D.
we
2. These pension … have been
carefully worked out
A. plan C.
planning
B.
plans D. planned
3. The businessmen discussed
the contract at length but never actually signed …
A. anything C.
another
B. anyone D.
anyway
4. If we do not see … soon,
we will cancel the project.
A. one progress C.
the progress
B. a progress D.
some progress
5. International
Communications … merging with ERI
A. is C.
has been
B. are D.
have been
Assignment 7
Error Recognition
1. Please open the curtains
and let more lights come into the room
A B C D
2. Toothpaste for hotel
guests are available at the front desk
A B
C
D
3. Several baskets of fruits
were delivering to the ambassador’s room
A B C D
4. I need the good
book to read in the mornings on the subway.
A B C D
5. The head of the regional divisions
have submitted the latest productivity report
A B C D
– —
If you wish
to reach the highest, begin at the lowest
[Publicius Syrus]
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