Unit 23 Reported Speech

                                       REPORTED  SPEECH

Reported/Indirect Speech = kalimat yang tidak langsung diucapkan oleh yang bersangkutan,

                                                  melainkan oleh orang lain [penyambung lidah]

Changes	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
Tenses	Simple Present Tense Present Continuous Tense Present Perfect Tense Simple Past Simple Future Tense	Simple Past Tense Past Continuous Tense Past perfect Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Future Tense
Adverb of Place	here this these	there that those
Adverb of Time	now today tonight tomorrow next week yesterday last week two days ago	then that day that night the following day the following week the previous day the previous week two days before

Examples:

1. Bu Giati             : Wait a moment!  Where do you go?

    Pak Maman     : I go to the post office. 

                     -----------                        -------------

    Pak Machfud   : Bu Giati, what did pak Maman say?

à Bu Giati            : Pak Maman said  [that] he went  to the post office.

                                       main clause                  subordinate clause

2. Pak Dian          : You look so upset.  What are you looking for?

    Bu Desi            : I’m looking for my helmet.

                     -----------                        -------------

    Pak Dedi Rohman  : Pak Dian, what did bu Desi say?

à Pak Dian          :  Bu Desi said she was looking for her helmet.

3. Bu Farida          : Where is my pen?

    Pak Eli             : I’ve put your pen on the desk just now.

                     -----------                        -------------

    Pak Iyus            : Bu Farida, tell me what pak Eli said.

à Bu Farida         : Pak Eli said he had put my pen in the drawer just then.

4. Pak Tosim        : Hi, I tried to call you many times yesterday.  No one picked up the phone.

                                  Where were you?

    Pak Mahfud     : Well, sorry.  I went to my friend’s party

                     -----------                        -------------

    Mr.Suryana      : Tell me what pak Mahfud said to you!

à Mr.Tosim         : Pak Mahfud said he had gone to his friend’s party.

5. Mr.Sulaeman   : When will you go to Medan?

    Mr.Ayi               : I will go to Medan tomorrow.

                     -----------                        -------------

    Mr.Djadjat        : Pak Sulaeman, what did pak Ayi say?

à Mr.Sulaeman  : Pak Ayi said he would go to Medan the following day.

Type	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Information Question	-Bu Septha,”Where does bu Ida live?” -Bu Luli,”How are you today?”	-Bu Septha said where bu Ida lived. -Bu Luli said to me how I was that day.
Yes/No Question	-Pak Ikhsan,”Does pak Ayi live here?” -Bu Pipih,”Did you mail that letter for me?”	-Pak Ikhsan asked if/whether pak Ayi lived near here. -Bu Pipih asked me if/whether I had mailed this letter for her
Command [perintah]	-Pak Atjeng,”Come back soon!” -Pak Cucu,”Be careful!”	-Pak Atjeng said to me to come back soon. -Pak Cucu said to me to be careful.
Prohibition [larangan]	-Bu Rini,”Don’t make so much noise.” -Pak Iyus,”Don’t go out!”	-Bu Rini said not to make so much noise. -Pak Iyus said to me not to go out.

Assignment 1

Change the following into Reported/Indirect form

1. Tommy,”Nobody can do that work as well as Hasan.”
2. John,”I may be a few minutes late.”
3. Tamara,”How long has Ujang been studying English?”
4. Pak Bachrudin,”Did pak Kusnendar go with you yesterday?”
5. Bu Popon,”Wait outside!”

Assignment 2

Change the following into Direct form.

1. I said to him not to go by bus
2. Pak Ade said that he would go to Jakarta next week.
3. Pak Dede asked me if I had phoned him last night
4. Bu Wiwit asked me where pak Agus Media was.
5. Bu Dian Indri said that she was going to take English course the following day.

– —

Be such a man and live such a life, that if, every man were such as you, and every life, a life like yours, this earth would be God’s Paradise [Phillips Brooks]

Unit 22 Causative Verbs

                              CAUSATIVE  VERBS

Causative Verbs [kata kerja kausal]  =  1] verbs that cause somebody  to do something [kata kerja yang mengakibatkan orang lain melakukan sesuatu] –active meaning-  and 2] verbs that cause something to be done [kata kerja yang mengakibatkan sesuatu dikerjakan oleh orang lain] –passive meaning-.

The most well-known causative verbs are MAKE, HAVE, GET, LET, and HELP.

I. Active

                   have   

subject +   make     +       object              + infinitive

                   let             [person/someone]        

                 help

              -----------

                 get                                              to infinitive

                 want

                 order

                 permit

                 allow          

                                                                                                   

1. Johnson made Robby wash the car  [Johnson menyuruh Robby mencuci mobil]          

2. Bu Ririn Wuriani got the students to speak English

3. My father has Tommy bring some books.

4. I don’t let you go away.

5. Pak Aziz Saryanto helped bu Ari Yuningsih carry the boxes.

6. Pak Cucu Kurniawan permits me to go out for a moment.

II. Passive

                    

subject  +    have       +       object                + Verb 3

                     get              [something]

1. Pak Acep Sukmana got his shoes cleaned [Someone else cleaned pak Acep Sukmana’s shoes]

2. Pak Aceng Setiadi will get his house painted.

3. They got their roof  blown off during the rainstorm last night. [indicate an unpleasant experience]

4. You’re going to have your purse stolen if you’re not careful.

5. Bu Tina Mariana got his computer fixed by pak Andi Setiawan. [the doer -the actor- of the action can be mentioned at the end of the sentences after ‘by’]

Assignment 1

Complete the dialogue below using the correct causative form.

Tommy:  Hallo Albert, where are you going?

Albert  :  I am going to have my book 1] …  How about you?                  [copy]

Tommy:  I am going to get my car  2] …                                                       [wash]

Albert  :  Do you never have your servant 3] … that?                                 [do]

Tommy:  Sometimes I do.  But I am not satisfied with her work.                                                                                                                                                 

Assignment 2

Choose the correct answer

1. Pak Ade Sutisna : Waduuu, I spilled some ink on my coat.

    Pak Sulaeman     : You must … at the laundry immediately, pak.

A.      clean it                                                           C. have to be clean it

B.      have clean it                                                 D. have it cleaned

2. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife …

A. cry                                                                     C. to cry

B. cried                                                                  D. crying                            

3. My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him … the bed before night fell.

                A. clear                                                                  C. cleared

                B. to clear                                                              D. to be cleared                                       

4. Ibu Farida    : Pak Rubini has beautiful plants in the garden but they all seem to be dying. 

    Bu Suyinah  :  I am sure that he …

                A. seldom has them watered                             C. has always watered them

                B. has been watering them                                D. has asked somebody to water them

5. We have our neighbor check our house whenever we go on vacation.

    This means that:      Every time we go on vacation, …

A.      we first check the house with our neighbor

B.      our neighbor comes to check our house

C.      we have checked our neighbor’s house

D.      we ask someone to check our neighbor’s house

6. The company has never permitted employees … public statements

A. making                                                             C. make

B. to make                                                            D. made

7. The owner of the hotel had the rooms …

                A. redecorated                                                      C. redecorating

                B. redecorate                                                        D. to redecorate

8. The personnel director made the applicant … half an hour

                A. wait                                                                   C. waiting

                B. waited                                                               D. waits

Assignment 4

Error Recognition 

1. Pak Agus Rusdiana had to get his car repairing before he could drive to work

                                     A                             B                           C                  D

2. The laboratory technician had a sample took from the water in the pond

                         A                                          B             C             D

3. Pak Nana Suhana should get pak Eli Solihin helping with the closing inventory

                                         A                               B        C                            D

4. The supervisor let the new clerk asking as many questions as she wanted

     A                                 B                C                                                   D

Assignment 5

Finish the sentences using the correct form  of the given verbs.

1. Pak Heri Susanto wanted to have her hair …red.                                                                                      [wipe]

3. You’d better have your car … for engine trouble before taking it all across the country.                  [check]

4. We must help students with severe learning disabilities…their problem.                                               [overcome]

5. Having a good command of English will help us … the ladder of success faster.                               [climb]

6. Pak Brown, please stop driving so fast or you’ll get us all …                                                                   [kill]

7. The cute little baby with its toothless smile made every one … to cuddle it.                                        [want]

                                                                                             – —

              

The winner is always a part of the answer, the loser is always a part of the problem

                                                                                            

Unit 21 be used/accustomed to

                       BE  USED/ACCUSTOMED  TO

 

be used to

be accustomed to                          = menjadi terbiasa

get used to

get accustomed to

used to = past time habit

            = kebiasan yang dikerjakan pada waktu lampau, sekarang tidak lagi terjadi

Subject	used to		infinitive
	be	used to accustomed to	Verb-ING
	get	used to accustomed to

1. When I was young I used to smoke a pack of cigarette every day.

                [Now I DO NOT smoke anymore]

2. Bu Lani Widia is used to having breakfast at 7.00 a.m.

                à Bu Lani Widia is accustomed to having breakfast at 7.00 a.m.

3. Pak Krisna Andriana got used to swimming twice a week

à Pak Krisna Andriana accustomed to swimming twice a week

Assignment 1/

Complete the following using the appropriate form of the verb

1. Johnson can’t get used to … at night.                                                         [study]

2. Pak Dedi Rukmana used to … dinner at seven o’clock                          [have]

3. Don’t worry, pak Tata.  Someday you will get used to … a car.           [drive]

4. Bu Rara Yuniarti is used to … Chinese food now.                                   [eat]

5. Bu Pipih Karmila used to … piano every night.                                        [play]

– —

All cats are grey in the dark. This suggests that beauty is unimportant.  Beneath the outward appearance, people are all much alike.  When the candles are out, all women are fair.  [Plutarch]

Unit 20 Conditional

                                  CONDITIONAL  

I.  Conditional if

Conditional if is used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. This sentence is made up of an if clause [dependent]  and a main clause [independent]. An if clause states a condition to achieve and express specific conditions for a specific outcome. 

Formula:

Type	Real Situation    ®           ®                                      positive          ®            ®                          negative	Condition	IF Clause [Subordinate Clause]           negative           positive	Main Clause
0	General Truth O		IF + Simple Present	Simple Present
I	Future	A possible condition and its probable result	IF + Subj + Verb 1          ,	Subj + modal verb + infinitive
II	Present	A hypothetical condition that is unreal and its probable result	IF + Subj + Verb 2          ,	Subj + would + infinitive             could
III	Past	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past	IF + Subj + had + Verb 3,	Subj + would have + Verb 3
Mixed	-The opposite of what is expressed - Past events affect Present situations	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present	IF + Past Perfect or Simple Past	Simple Present Conditional or Present Perfect Conditional

Example:

Type	Conditional Sentences
0	-People stay healthy if they take good care of themselves. -If a baby bird is learning to fly, its mother is usually not far off. -If you heat ice, it melts.
1	-If Johnson doesn’t give me Rp. 10.000,-, I can’t bring him some food he orders. -Can I use your car if I wash it first? -You will miss the train if you don't hurry.
2	-Susan wouldn’t come if you didn’t pick her up. [Real situation:  Susan comes as you pick her up]        -What would you do if you could fly like a bird? [Real situation: I can’t fly like a bird] -If I were a President of Indonesia, I would … [be: were for all subjects] -If I spoke Italian, I would be working in Italy.
3	-If you had been lazy, Mrs. White would not have given you a present.. [Real  situation: You were not lazy so Mrs. White gave you a present] -If I had accepted that promotion, I would have been working in Jakarta.
Mixed	If you had fed the dog, she wouldn't be hungry now.  (regret) [Real Situation: You did not feed the dog, so the dog is hungry now] -I would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job. (but I didn't take the job and I'm not a millionaire) -If you had spent all your money, you wouldn't buy this jacket. (but you didn't spend all your money and now you can buy this jacket) -If you weren't afraid of spiders, you would have picked it up and put it outside.

II.  Conditional WITHOUT    ‘if’

If can be omitted from a conditional clause to shorten the sentence and place more emphasis on the result clause. were, had and should [to mean in case] may be used without if by moving the auxiliary verb in front of the subject.

1. Had I had much money , I would have bought a car.

                [= If I had had much money, I would have bought a car]

2. Were I you, I wouldn’t do that.

                [= I wouldn’t do that if I were you]

Were I [were] you, I would have asked him to pay me back.
  

 III. unless [if…not  =  jika tidak]

An unless clause states a condition that is an exception to achieve the outcome in the main clause. The if or unless clause can be placed before the outcome clause for emphasis [i.e. a comma is placed after the if clause]. When the if or unless clause is placed after the main clause, no particular emphasis is intended, and a comma is not used.

1. You won’t pass the final test unless you study hard.

    = You won’t pass the final test if you do not study hard.

2. Unless it had rained last night, I would have invited you to see a movie .

    = If it had not rained last night, I would have invited you to see a movie.

3. -We'll arrive at 8:00 unless our train is late.

    =We'll arrive at 8:00 if our train is on time.

IV. Subjunctive [Pengharapan]

We use wish to express an imagined situation which is different from the real situation.

Real Situation/Condition                                           positive	Subjunctive WISH                                                 negative
Subj + will/can + infinitive	Future	Subj + wish + Subj + would/could + NOT + infinitive
Subj + Verb 1	Unreal Present	Subj + wish + Subj + did NOT + infinitive
Subj + Verb 2 Subj + would/could  + infinitive	Unreal Past	Subj + wish + Subj + had + NOT + Verb 3 Subj + wish + Subj + would/could + NOT + have + Verb 3

Real Situation/Condition                                                             negative	Subjunctive WISH                             positive
Subj + will/can NOT + infinitive	Future	Subj + wish + Subj + would/could + infinitive
Subj + do/does NOT +infinitive	Unreal Present	Subj + wish + Subj + Verb 2
Subj + did NOT + infinitive Subj + would/could NOT + infinitive	Unreal Past	Subj + wish + Subj + had + Verb 3 Subj + wish + Subj + would/could + have + Verb 3

1.  She will not tell me the problem.  ® I wish [that] she would tell me the problem.

                                                                [Saya berharap dia mengatakannya  padaku]   

                                 ® If only she would tell me the problem.

                                      [Seandainya dia mengatakannya padaku]

2.  I don’t know French    ®   I wish I knew French

                                       ®   If only I knew French 

3.  Pak Sukanda couldn’t come    ®   I wish pak Sukanda could have come

                                                              ®   If only pak Sukanda could have come 

We use wish + preterit [the past tense verb form] to express a wish about a hypothetical (imaginary) situation.  

- I wish [that] I were home in my country (a private thought; a longing)

- I wish [that] I could go with you. (an excuse due to inability, or an expression of regret)

- I wish [that] you would let me pay for dinner. (pretend regret, or upset)

wish followed by a clause with could have or would have expresses regret, dissatisfaction or the unwillingness of someone to do something about a past action that failed to occur or did not happen [unreal]

-I wish [that] I could have gone with you.  (regret over a lost opportunity)

-She wishes [that] the store would have had the shoes in her size. (She is unhappy that they didn't carry her shoe size.)

-They wish [that] you would have driven instead of them. (They are upset you were unwilling to drive.)

-She wishes the store could have had the shoes in her size.  (The store was unable to do so because they had none in stock.)

-They wish you could have driven instead of them.  (They were unable to drive due to not having a license or being incapable.)

-She wishes [that] the store had had the shoes in her size.  (She regrets they did not have her size.)

-I wish [that] my boss had bought us laptops instead of desktop computers. (I regret he did not buy laptops.)

wished followed by a clause with could have, would have, or a past modal/past participle expresses regret about a past action that did not happen at an earlier time [unreal].  "could have" expresses regret over inability to do something – physical or mental. The situation is a lost opportunity.

-I wished [that] I could have gone with you.  (remembering a lost opportunity)

-I wished [that] I had been old enough to drive.  (remembering a wish)

-My father wished that he had gone to college. (regret)

-My father wished that he could have gone to college. (regret – unable)

My Father's Wish My father wished he could have finished high school when he was young, but he had to go to work to support his family instead.  When I was born, he wished that I would not only finish high school but also go to college. He worked hard to send me to college. I managed to graduate with honors. Now, I have a child and I wish that he will go to college.  I encourage him to work hard.  I wish he would understand how hard his grandfather and father have worked to give him a good life. He doesn't comprehend it right now, but I hope he will when he is older.

Error	Solution
I wish  I can go to graduate school. I wish  my son to go to graduate school. (a wish or an imperative?) I wish I was a college graduate.   (This is informal but not correct)	I wish  to go to graduate school.  (a real possibility) I hope I can go to graduate school. I wish  my son would go to graduate school. I want my son to go to graduate school  (imperative) I wish I were a college graduate.  (formal English)

An if only clause expresses a doubtful wish – one that you are doubtful about actually happening.  The result clause is optional and is separate. It is more emphatic [given with force to show that it is important] than wish… 

-If only I could go home for vacation. (regret)
             = I would be so happy if only I could go home for vacation.

-If only you were here! (regret)
             = I would be so happy if only you were here..

-If only she hadn't told her mother everything.  (regret)
            = I would be so happy if only she hadn't told her mother everything.  

An only if clause states one condition required to achieve a desired effect.

-Only if  you clean up your room, will you find your lost jeans.

            = If only  you would clean up your room, you would find your lost jeans.  

-Only if you are here, am I happy.

            = I am happy only if you are here.

AS IF / AS THOUGH

Fact	Subjunctive ‘AS IF / AS THOUGH’ [seolah-olah, seakan-akan]
He talks much but he doesn’t know anything. Susan was shocked but she didn’t see a ghost.	-He talks much              as if he knew everything. -Susan was shocked      as though she had seen a ghost.

as if and as though have a similar meaning to make comparisons and to talk about an imaginary/improbable situation.  as if is more common than  although.

The past subjunctive after as if / as though indicates an unreal situation in the present.

-He looks as if he knew the answer.

[Real: He doesn’t know the answer. However, he gives the impression that he knows the answer] 

.

If we put the verb preceding as if / as though into the past tense, the present simple knows changes into past simple, whereas the past subjunctive knew stays the same.

-He looked as if he knew the answer.

However, if the situation is true, we use a real tense to express present time:

-He looks as if he knows the answer. [= He knows the answer]

as if is often used to describe someone’s behaviour, or the way someone is acting.

-I can’t stand spending time with Johnson. He always acts as if he’s smarter than everyone.

-Why is Johnson ignoring us? He’s acting as if he’s never met us before!

-His older brother always treats him as if he were a child.

Assignment 1

Complete the following using the correct verb of conditional provided in brackets.

1. If Johnson … Anita  better, he can go with her. [know]
2. I … better if I went to bed earlier. [feel]
3. Johnson … it if he hadn’t been so busy.  [do]
4. … Johnson if I had invited him?   [come]
5. The man often treats girls for lunch as if he … a lot of money [have]
6. You look so serious as if you … eager to solve this problem.     [be]

7.     Johnson is having a problem but he looks very cheerful as though he … any problem  [not have]       

Assignment 2

Choose the correct answer to complete the following.

1. Anna:  Why didn’t you buy those shoes?

    Budi :  I would have if they had been cheaper.

    This dialogue means: …

A.      Budi was not against the price                             C. I looked for a more expensive pair

B.      The shoes were too expensive                              D. The shoes were a bargain

2. Had I realized that Tom was a bad driver, I … my car

    A. would not lend him                                                    C. had not lent him

    B. did not lend him                                                          D. would not have lent him

3. Pak Thoha        :  Can I go with you to the pop concert tonight?

    Bu Sri Maryati : …

A.      If you want to go, you will have to buy your own ticket

B.      If you had gone, you would have bought your own ticket

C.      Had you gone, I would have bought you a ticket

D.      You could have gone if you had a ticket

4. If our school had been able to get enough sponsors for our marching band, we would have

    participated in the festival in March.  

    We conclude that …

A.      there were many donors                                        C. we succeeded in getting a trophy

B.      we were not able to go                                           D. we refused to take part

5. Thank you for reminding me to send in my application form, …

    A. I wouldn’t miss the deadline if you reminded me

    B. I will miss the deadline if you don’t remind me

    C. I would have missed the deadline if you hadn’t reminded me.

    D. Had you reminded me, I wouldn’t have missed the deadline.

6. If I … the promotion, I would have bought a new car

                A. received                                                            C. will receive

                B. had received                                                    D. would receive

7. ….message if you can’t transfer the telephone call

                A. Take                                                                  C. Taken

                B. Will take                                                           D. Would take

Assignment 3

Error Recognition

1. I would give you a lift to the airport if I drive a car

                    A                  B                    C    D

2. Bu Septha Sri will call you if the package arrive today

                             A              B                    C       D

3. If the product have been successful, the company would have made a large profit

         A                 B                                                                      C              D

4. If the hotel service is good, the visitor would not complain.

         A                       B                    C                            D

                                                                        

– —

If you want to be happy, memorize something good each day, see something beautiful each day,

and do something helpful each day.